Improving the treatment of pathogenic fungi. ‘The process is working, but not that well…’
Fungi germinating in the lungs of patients. Doesn’t sound too nice, does it? Luckily, humans can deal with this normally, and we are able to clear the infection before anything comes to harm. However, in people with health issues, Aspergillosis can cause a lot of damage, especially if the fungus becomes resistant to antibiotics. Researcher Gabriel Forn-Cuní looked at an innovative way to help such immunocompromised patients.
‘The main issue is that these patients can’t protect themselves against the fungi,’ Forn-Cuní starts. ‘A part of their immune system is compromised. For example, because of an auto-immune disease or a transplant. In such cases, only some of the so-called innate immune cells are left. They form a basic layer of protection in the body, but can’t stop the fungi from spreading and causing damage to the lungs.’
Digesting fungi in acid
Forn-Cuní studied the capacity of macrophages, a cell of the innate immune system. The postdoc researcher in the lab of Annemarie Meijer (Institute of Biology Leiden), investigated how the cells dealt with spores. Macrophages take in pathogens and digest them in acidic compartments. Forn-Cuní looked at how they used this process on the fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, which causes Aspergillosis.
‘In our model system, we noticed that macrophages can only fulfill part of their job. They wonderfully get to the fungal cells and eat them. However, then they seem incapable to digest and kill the fungi,’ Forn-Cuní explains. ‘Instead, after a while, the fungi begin to form hyphae in the macrophages. Long protrusions that eventually grow through the macrophages and into the lungs. You can understand that this harms the patient.’
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Watch the video on the original website orLarge macrophages 'eat' the lighter coloured fungal cells.
Stimulating macrophages
Still, Forn-Cuní found a potential new way to treat the disease. ‘We could see that macrophages target the fungal spores for degradation with specific proteins. However, the fungus has evolved some mechanism that stops it. So the process is working, but not that well… Still, by stimulating the digesting process, the survival rate increases.’
The researcher thinks that in future treatment, this knowledge could be helpful. ‘We empower a system that is already there. Of course, further research is necessary, but it is a step in the right direction to treat Aspergillus infections when antibiotics are ineffective.’
Publication
Forn-Cuní, G., Welvaarts, L., Stel, F. M., van den Hondel, C. J., Arentshorst, M., Ram, A. F. J., & Meijer, A. H. (2022). Stimulating the autophagic-lysosomal axis enhances host defense against fungal infection in a zebrafish model of invasive Aspergillosis. Autophagy, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2022.2090727
Photo header: Illustration macrophages. By Britannica ImageQuest